Difference between revisions of "Афроазиятски говоры"
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В семитских, берберских, кушытских и чадских говорах есь имательны послеставки званесловов. |
В семитских, берберских, кушытских и чадских говорах есь имательны послеставки званесловов. |
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==Classification history== |
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Medieval scholars sometimes linked two or more branches of Afro-Asiatic together; as early as the [[9th century]] the Hebrew grammarian [[Judah ibn Quraysh]] of [[Tiaret]] in [[Algeria]] perceived a relationship between Berber and Semitic (the latter group known to him through Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic). |
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[[Category:Афроазиятски говоры| ]] |
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In the course of the 19th century Europeans also began suggesting such relationships; thus in [[1844]] [[Theodor Benfey|Th. Benfey]] suggested a language family containing Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic (calling the latter "Ethiopic"). In the same year, T. N. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and Hausa, but this would long remain a topic of dispute and uncertainty. [[Friedrich Müller (linguist)|Friedrich Müller]] named the traditional "Hamito-Semitic" family in [[1876]] in his ''Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft'', and defined it as consisting of a Semitic group plus a "Hamitic" group containing Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic; he excluded the Chadic group. These classifications relied in part on non-linguistic anthropological and racial arguments. (See also [[Hamitic hypothesis]].) |
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[[Leo Reinisch]] (1909) proposed to link Cushitic and Chadic, while urging a more distant affinity with Egyptian and Semitic, thus foreshadowing Greenberg; but his suggestion found little resonance. [[Marcel Cohen]] (1924) rejected the idea of a distinct "Hamitic" subgroup, and included Hausa (a Chadic language) in his comparative Hamito-Semitic vocabulary. [[Joseph Greenberg]] (1950) strongly confirmed Cohen's rejection of "Hamitic", added (and sub-classified) the Chadic languages, and proposed the new name Afro-Asiatic for the family; almost all scholars accepted his classification. In 1969 [[Harold Fleming (scholar)|Harold Fleming]] proposed the recognition of [[Omotic]] as a fifth branch, rather than (as previously believed) a subgroup of Cushitic, and this has met with general acceptance. Several scholars, including Harold Fleming and [[Robert Hetzron]], have since questioned the traditional inclusion of Beja in Cushitic, but this view has yet to gain general acceptance. |
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Little agreement exists on the sub-classification of the five or six branches mentioned; however, [[Christopher Ehret]] (1979), [[Harold Fleming (scholar)|Harold Fleming]] (1981), and [[Joseph Greenberg]] (1981) all agree that the Omotic branch to split from the rest first. Otherwise: |
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*Ehret groups Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic together in a North Afro-Asiatic subgroup; |
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*[[Paul Newman (professor)|Paul Newman]] (1980) groups Berber with Chadic and Egyptian with Semitic, while questioning the inclusion of Omotic; |
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*Fleming (1981) divided non-Omotic Afroasiatic, or "Erythraean", into three groups, Cushitic, Semitic, and Chadic-Berber-Egyptian; he later added Semitic and Beja to the latter, and proposed [[Ongota language|Ongotá]] as a tentative new third branch of Erythraean; |
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*[[Lionel Bender]] (1997) advocates a "Macro-Cushitic" consisting of Berber, Cushitic, and Semitic, while regarding Chadic and Omotic as the most remote branches; |
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*[[Vladimir Orel]] and [[Olga Stolbova]] (1995) group Berber with Semitic, group Chadic with Egyptian, and split Cushitic into five or more independent branches of Afro-Asiatic, seeing Cushitic as a [[Sprachbund]] rather than a valid family; |
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*[[Alexander Militarev]] (2000), on the basis of [[lexicostatistics]], groups Berber with Chadic and both, more distantly, with Semitic, as against Cushitic and Omotic. |
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==See also== |
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* [[African languages]] |
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==Etymological bibliography== |
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Some of the main sources for Afro-Asiatic etymologies include: |
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* Marcel Cohen, ''Essai comparatif sur la vocabulaire et la phonétique du chamito-sémitique'', Champion, Paris 1947. |
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* Igor M. Diakonoff et al., "Historical-Comparative Vocabulary of Afrasian", ''St. Petersburg Journal of African Studies'' Nos. 2-6, 1993-7. |
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* Christopher Ehret. ''Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary'' (''University of California Publications in Linguistics 126''), California, Berkeley 1996. |
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* Vladimir E. Orel and Olga V. Stolbova, ''Hamito-Semitic [[Etymological Dictionary]]: Materials for a Reconstruction'', Brill, Leiden 1995. ISBN 90-04-10051-2. [http://www.ilx.nl/blonline/blonlinesearch2.php?ficheid=101010209591] |
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==Sources== |
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* Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, ''African Languages,'' Cambridge University Press, 2000 - Chapter 4 |
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* Merritt Ruhlen, ''A Guide to the World's Languages'', Stanford University Press, Stanford 1991. |
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* Lionel Bender et al., ''Selected Comparative-Historical Afro-Asiatic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff'', LINCOM 2003. |
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* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=89997 Ethnologue] |
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* Russell G. Schuh, ''[http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schuh/Papers/Chadic_overview.pdf Chadic Overview]''. |
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* [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/Archaeology%20data/Africa%20language%20history%20text.pdf African Language History] (pdf), [[Roger Blench]] |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.nacal.org NACAL] The North American Conference on Afroasiatic Linguistics, now in its 35th year. |
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* [http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/ratcliffe/comp%20&%20method-Ratcliffe.pdf A comparison of Orel-Stolbova's and Ehret's Afro-Asiatic reconstructions] |
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*[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1680c The Origins of Afroasiatic] by Paul Newman (Requires Science Magazine subscription) |
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* [http://community.livejournal.com/terra_linguarum/95880.html Afro-Asiatic and Semitic genealogical trees], presented by [[Alexander Militarev]] at his talk “Genealogical classification of Afro-Asiatic languages according to the latest data” (at the conference on the 70th anniversary of [[V.M. Illich-Svitych]], Moscow, 2004; [http://community.livejournal.com/terra_linguarum/95627.html short annotations of the talks given there]{{ru icon}}) |
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* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=89997 family tree at ethnologue.com] |
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[[Category:Afro-Asiatic languages| ]] |
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[[af:Afro-Asiatiese tale]] |
[[af:Afro-Asiatiese tale]] |
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Revision as of 04:57, 14 Сечня 2007
| Афроазиятски | ||
|---|---|---|
| Земеписанной урын: |
Полночна Африка, полночна Серьодня Африка, полночна Глубнична Африка, Полуденно-глубнична Азия | |
| Заветна четовка: |
С самокляшшых говорных семьинов белово света | |
| Постати: | ||
 | ||
Афроазиятски говоры супоют говорну семьину, в каку вхоют 375 говоров и боле чем 300 мильонов говорильников по всьой Полночной Африке, и по Восходной Африке, и по Полуденно-глубничной Азие (посередь их 200 мильонов говорильников на арабским говоре).
Ета семьина включат таки подсемьины:
- Берберски говоры
- Чадски говоры
- Египетской говор
- Семитски говоры
- Кушитски говоры
- Беджайской говор
- Омотски говоры
Особливоси
Обнакновенны крапицы афроазиятский говоров таки:
- два рода в водинсвенном числе, а бабской род тамговатса зыком /t/
- VSO - типологгя,
- арава емфатических соголосных, обнакновенно глоттализованных, фарингализовнных, али имплозивных
- в говорогороде новы колыби получаютса нутренними ментовками купно с приставками и послеставками.
Деессловной уряд имат приставочно спряженне:
| Сибирской | Арабской (Семитской) | Кабильской (Берберской) | Сахо (Кушытской) | Беджа |
| вон задыхат | yamuutu | yemmut | yagdifé | iktim |
| вона задыхат | tamuutu | temmut | yagdifé | tiktim |
| вони (м) задыхают | yamuutuuna | mmuten | yagdifín | iktimna |
| ты (м) задыхаш | tamuutu | temmuteḍ | tagdifé | tiktima |
| вы (м) задыхате | tamuutuuna | temmutem | tagdifín | tiktimna |
| я задыхаю | ˀamuutu | mmuteγ | agdifé | aktim |
| мы задыхам | namuutu | nemmut | nagdifé | niktim |
Во всех афроазиятских говорах есь кавузативна послеставка "с", ан схожа есь и в некоторых дружных вьюхах, наприклад нигерконговски говоры.
В семитских, берберских, кушытских и чадских говорах есь имательны послеставки званесловов.
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