Difference between revisions of "Афроазиятски говоры"

Афроазиятски
Земеписанной; урын:	Полночна Африка, полночна Серьодня Африка, полночна Глубнична Африка, Полуденно-глубнична Азия
Заветна; четовка:	С самокляшшых говорных семьинов белово света
Постати:	Берберски Чадски Египетской Семитски Кушитски Омотски
	Урын афроазиятшыны выказанной жолтым

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Афроазиятски говоры супоют говорну семьину, в каку вхоют 375 говоров и боле чем 300 мильонов говорильников по всьой Полночной Африке, и по Восходной Африке, и по Полуденно-глубничной Азие (посередь их 200 мильонов говорильников на арабским говоре).

Ета семьина включат таки подсемьины:

Особливоси

Обнакновенны крапицы афроазиятский говоров таки:

два рода в водинсвенном числе, а бабской род тамговатса зыком /t/
VSO - типологгя,
арава емфатических соголосных, обнакновенно глоттализованных, фарингализовнных, али имплозивных
в говорогороде новы колыби получаютса нутренними ментовками купно с приставками и послеставками.

Деессловной уряд имат приставочно спряженне:

Сибирской	Арабской (Семитской)	Кабильской (Берберской)	Сахо (Кушытской)	Беджа
вон задыхат	yamuutu	yemmut	yagdifé	iktim
вона задыхат	tamuutu	temmut	yagdifé	tiktim
вони (м) задыхают	yamuutuuna	mmuten	yagdifín	iktimna
ты (м) задыхаш	tamuutu	temmuteḍ	tagdifé	tiktima
вы (м) задыхате	tamuutuuna	temmutem	tagdifín	tiktimna
я задыхаю	ˀamuutu	mmuteγ	agdifé	aktim
мы задыхам	namuutu	nemmut	nagdifé	niktim

Во всех афроазиятских говорах есь кавузативна послеставка "с", ан схожа есь и в некоторых дружных вьюхах, наприклад нигерконговски говоры.

В семитских, берберских, кушытских и чадских говорах есь имательны послеставки званесловов.

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 * в говорогороде новы колыби получаютса нутренними ментовками купно с приставками и послеставками.
+Деессловной уряд имат приставочно спряженне:
-Some cognates include:
-*''b-n-'' "build" (Ehret: *''bĭn''), attested in Chadic, Semitic (''*bny''), Cushitic (*''mĭn''/*''măn'' "house") and Omotic (Dime ''bin-'' "build, create");
-*''m-t'' "die" (Ehret: *''maaw''), attested in Chadic (for example, Hausa ''mutu''), Egyptian (''mwt'' ''*muwt'', ''mt'', Coptic ''mu''), Berber (''mmet'', pr. ''yemmut''), Semitic (*''mwt''), and Cushitic (Proto-Somali *''umaaw''/*''-am-w(t)-'' "die"). (Also similar to the [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] base ''*mor-/mr-''. "die", evidence in favor of both the Afro-Asiatic and Indo-European language families' classification in the hypothetical [[Nostratic]] superfamily.)
-*''s-n'' "know", attested in Chadic, Berber, and Egyptian;
-*''l-s'' "tongue" (Ehret: ''*lis' '' "to lick"), attested in Semitic (*''lasaan/lisaan''), Egyptian (''ns'' *''ls'', Coptic ''las''), Berber (''ils''), Chadic (for example, Hausa ''harshe''), and possibly Omotic (Dime ''lits'-'' "lick");
-*''s-m'' "name" (Ehret: *''sŭm'' / *''sĭm''), attested in Semitic (*''sm''), Berber (''ism''), Chadic (for example, Hausa ''suna''), Cushitic, and Omotic (though some see the Berber form, ''ism'', and the Omotic form, ''sunts'', as Semitic [[loanword]]s.)  The Egyptian ''smi'' "report, announce" offers another possible cognate.
-* ''d-m'' "blood" (Ehret: *''dîm'' / *''dâm''), attested in Berber (''idammen''), Semitic (*''dam''), Chadic, and arguably Omotic.  Compare Cushitic *''dîm''/*''dâm'', "red".
-In the verbal system, Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic (including Beja) all provide evidence for a prefix conjugation:
 {|
 |-
+| Сибирской|| Арабской (Семитской) || Кабильской (Берберской)
-| English || Arabic (Semitic) || Kabyle (Berber)
+| Сахо (Кушытской) || Беджа
-| Saho (Cushitic; verb is "kill") || Beja (verb is "arrive")
 |-
-| he dies || ''yamuutu'' || ''yemmut''
+| вон задыхат|| ''yamuutu'' || ''yemmut''
 | ''yagdifé'' || ''iktim''
 |-
-| she dies || ''tamuutu'' || ''temmut''
+| вона задыхат|| ''tamuutu'' || ''temmut''
 | ''yagdifé'' || ''tiktim''
 |-
-| they (m.) die || ''yamuutuuna'' || ''mmuten''
+| вони (м) задыхают || ''yamuutuuna'' || ''mmuten''
 | ''yagdifín'' || ''iktimna''
 |-
-| you (m. sg.) die || ''tamuutu'' || ''temmuteḍ''
+| ты (м) задыхаш|| ''tamuutu'' || ''temmuteḍ''
 | ''tagdifé'' || ''tiktima''
 |-
-| you (m. pl.) die || ''tamuutuuna'' || ''temmutem''
+| вы (м) задыхате|| ''tamuutuuna'' || ''temmutem''
 | ''tagdifín'' || ''tiktimna''
 |-
-| I die || ''ˀamuutu'' || ''mmuteγ''
+| я задыхаю|| ''ˀamuutu'' || ''mmuteγ''
 | ''agdifé'' || ''aktim''
 |-
-| we die || ''namuutu'' || ''nemmut'' || ''nagdifé'' || ''niktim''
+| мы задыхам || ''namuutu'' || ''nemmut'' || ''nagdifé'' || ''niktim''
 |}
+Во всех афроазиятских говорах есь кавузативна послеставка "с", ан схожа есь и в некоторых дружных вьюхах, наприклад [[нигерконговски говоры]].
-All Afro-Asiatic subfamilies show evidence of a causative affix ''s'', but a similar suffix also appears in other groups, such as the [[Niger-Congo languages]].
+В семитских, берберских, кушытских и чадских говорах есь имательны послеставки званесловов.
-Semitic, Berber, Cushitic (including Beja), and Chadic support [[possessive pronoun]] suffixes.
-==Classification history==
-Medieval scholars sometimes linked two or more branches of Afro-Asiatic together; as early as the [[9th century]] the Hebrew grammarian [[Judah ibn Quraysh]] of [[Tiaret]] in [[Algeria]] perceived a relationship between Berber and Semitic (the latter group known to him through Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic).
+[[Category:Афроазиятски говоры| ]]
-In the course of the 19th century Europeans also began suggesting such relationships; thus in [[1844]] [[Theodor Benfey|Th. Benfey]] suggested a language family containing Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic (calling the latter "Ethiopic").  In the same year, T. N. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and Hausa, but this would long remain a topic of dispute and uncertainty.  [[Friedrich Müller (linguist)|Friedrich Müller]] named the traditional "Hamito-Semitic" family in [[1876]] in his ''Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft'', and defined it as consisting of a Semitic group plus a "Hamitic" group containing Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic; he excluded the Chadic group.  These classifications relied in part on non-linguistic anthropological and racial arguments. (See also [[Hamitic hypothesis]].)
-[[Leo Reinisch]] (1909) proposed to link Cushitic and Chadic, while urging a more distant affinity with Egyptian and Semitic, thus foreshadowing Greenberg; but his suggestion found little resonance. [[Marcel Cohen]] (1924) rejected the idea of a distinct "Hamitic" subgroup, and included Hausa (a Chadic language) in his comparative Hamito-Semitic vocabulary.  [[Joseph Greenberg]] (1950) strongly confirmed Cohen's rejection of "Hamitic", added (and sub-classified) the Chadic languages, and proposed the new name Afro-Asiatic for the family; almost all scholars accepted his classification.  In 1969 [[Harold Fleming (scholar)|Harold Fleming]] proposed the recognition of [[Omotic]] as a fifth branch, rather than (as previously believed) a subgroup of Cushitic, and this has met with general acceptance.  Several scholars, including Harold Fleming and [[Robert Hetzron]], have since questioned the traditional inclusion of Beja in Cushitic, but this view has yet to gain general acceptance.
-Little agreement exists on the sub-classification of the five or six branches mentioned; however, [[Christopher Ehret]] (1979), [[Harold Fleming (scholar)|Harold Fleming]] (1981), and [[Joseph Greenberg]] (1981) all agree that the Omotic branch to split from the rest first. Otherwise:
-*Ehret groups Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic together in a North Afro-Asiatic subgroup;
-*[[Paul Newman (professor)|Paul Newman]] (1980) groups Berber with Chadic and Egyptian with Semitic, while questioning the inclusion of Omotic;
-*Fleming (1981) divided non-Omotic Afroasiatic, or "Erythraean", into three groups, Cushitic, Semitic, and Chadic-Berber-Egyptian; he later added Semitic and Beja to the latter, and proposed [[Ongota language|Ongotá]] as a tentative new third branch of Erythraean;
-*[[Lionel Bender]] (1997) advocates a "Macro-Cushitic" consisting of Berber, Cushitic, and Semitic, while regarding Chadic and Omotic as the most remote branches;
-*[[Vladimir Orel]] and [[Olga Stolbova]] (1995) group Berber with Semitic, group Chadic with Egyptian, and split Cushitic into five or more independent branches of Afro-Asiatic, seeing Cushitic as a [[Sprachbund]] rather than a valid family;
-*[[Alexander Militarev]] (2000), on the basis of [[lexicostatistics]], groups Berber with Chadic and both, more distantly, with Semitic, as against Cushitic and Omotic.
-==See also==
-* [[African languages]]
-==Etymological bibliography==
-Some of the main sources for Afro-Asiatic etymologies include:
-* Marcel Cohen, ''Essai comparatif sur la vocabulaire et la phonétique du chamito-sémitique'', Champion, Paris 1947.
-* Igor M. Diakonoff et al., "Historical-Comparative Vocabulary of Afrasian", ''St. Petersburg Journal of African Studies'' Nos. 2-6, 1993-7.
-* Christopher Ehret. ''Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary'' (''University of California Publications in Linguistics 126''), California, Berkeley 1996.
-* Vladimir E. Orel and Olga V. Stolbova, ''Hamito-Semitic [[Etymological Dictionary]]: Materials for a Reconstruction'', Brill, Leiden 1995.  ISBN 90-04-10051-2. [http://www.ilx.nl/blonline/blonlinesearch2.php?ficheid=101010209591]
-==Sources==
-* Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, ''African Languages,'' Cambridge University Press, 2000 - Chapter 4
-* Merritt Ruhlen, ''A Guide to the World's Languages'', Stanford University Press, Stanford 1991.
-* Lionel Bender et al., ''Selected Comparative-Historical Afro-Asiatic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff'', LINCOM 2003.
-* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=89997 Ethnologue]
-* Russell G. Schuh, ''[http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schuh/Papers/Chadic_overview.pdf Chadic Overview]''.
-* [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/Archaeology%20data/Africa%20language%20history%20text.pdf African Language History] (pdf), [[Roger Blench]]
-==External links==
-*[http://www.nacal.org NACAL] The North American Conference on Afroasiatic Linguistics, now in its 35th year.
-* [http://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/ratcliffe/comp%20&%20method-Ratcliffe.pdf A comparison of Orel-Stolbova's and Ehret's Afro-Asiatic reconstructions]
-*[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1680c The Origins of Afroasiatic] by Paul Newman (Requires Science Magazine subscription)
-* [http://community.livejournal.com/terra_linguarum/95880.html Afro-Asiatic and Semitic genealogical trees], presented by [[Alexander Militarev]] at his talk “Genealogical classification of Afro-Asiatic languages according to the latest data” (at the  conference on the 70th anniversary of [[V.M. Illich-Svitych]], Moscow, 2004; [http://community.livejournal.com/terra_linguarum/95627.html short annotations of the talks given there]{{ru icon}})
-* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=89997 family tree at ethnologue.com]
-[[Category:Afro-Asiatic languages| ]]
-[[af:Afro-Asiatiese tale]]
-[[ar:لغات أفروآسيوية]]
-[[an:Luengas afro-asiaticas]]
-[[bs:Afroazijski jezici]]
-[[br:Yezhoù afrez-aziatek]]
-[[bg:Афро-азиатски езици]]
-[[ca:Llengües afroasiàtiques]]
-[[cs:Afroasijské jazyky]]
-[[de:Afroasiatische Sprachen]]
-[[el:Αφροασιατικές γλώσσες]]
-[[es:Lenguas afroasiáticas]]
-[[eo:Afrikazia lingvaro]]
-[[en: Afro-Asiatic languages]]
-[[eu:Afroasiar hizkuntzak]]
-[[fa:زبان‌های آفریقایی-آسیایی]]
-[[fr:Langues afro-asiatiques]]
-[[ga:Teangacha Afráiseacha]]
-[[ko:아프리카아시아어족]]
-[[hi:सामी-हामी भाषा-परिवार]]
-[[hr:Afroazijski jezici]]
-[[ilo:Pagsasao nga Afro-Asiatica]]
-[[id:Bahasa Afro-Asia]]
-[[ia:Linguas afro-asiatic]]
-[[it:Lingue afro-asiatiche]]
-[[he:שפות אפרו-אסיאתיות]]
-[[ka:კატეგორია:ქუშიტური ენები]]
-[[lt:Semitų-chamitų kalbos]]
-[[hu:Afroázsiai nyelvcsalád]]
-[[nl:Afro-Aziatische talen]]
-[[ja:アフロ・アジア語族]]
-[[no:Afroasiatiske språk]]
-[[nn:Afroasiatiske språk]]
-[[oc:Lengas afroasiaticas]]
-[[pl:Języki afroazjatyckie]]
-[[pt:Línguas afro-asiáticas]]
-[[sk:Semitsko-hamitské jazyky]]
-[[sl:Afroazijski jeziki]]
-[[sr:Афроазијски језици]]
-[[fi:Afroaasialaiset kielet]]
-[[sv:Afroasiatiska språk]]
-[[ta:ஆபிரிக்க-ஆசிய மொழிகள்]]
-[[zh:闪含语系]]

Афроазиятски
Земеписанной урын:	Полночна Африка, полночна Серьодня Африка, полночна Глубнична Африка, Полуденно-глубнична Азия
Заветна четовка:	С самокляшшых говорных семьинов белово света
Постати:	Берберски Чадски Египетской Семитски Кушитски Омотски
Урын афроазиятшыны выказанной жолтым

Difference between revisions of "Афроазиятски говоры"

Latest revision as of 00:55, 9 Грязника 2021

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